Effect of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Exercise Capacity, Dyspnea, Fatigue, and Peripheral Muscle Strength in Patients With Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the effects of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in patients with persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection. In addition, to compare the modalities of PR services (face-to-face and telerehabilitation) and the duration of PR in weeks (4-8 weeks and >8 weeks). DATA SOURCES: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase (Elsevier), Central/Cochrane Library, SciELO Citation Index (Web of Science), and CINAHL. STUDY SELECTION: Studies determining the effects of PR in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome were included and grouped according to PR delivery modality. DATA EXTRACTION: Data extraction and quality assessment were independently performed by 2 reviewers. The methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 1 (RoB-1). DATA SYNTHESIS: The literature search retrieved 1406 articles, of which 7 studies explored the effects of PR on patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome, with 188 patients randomized to PR. The mean age of participants was 50 years and 49% were women. Meta-analysis showed an increase in exercise capacity with PR compared with control (6-minute walking test: mean difference: 60.56 m, 95% confidence interval: 40.75-80.36), a reduction in fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale: -0.90, -1.49 to -0.31) but no change in dyspnea (-0.57, -1.32 to 0.17) and muscle strength (3.03, -1.89 to 7.96). There were no differences between telerehabilitation and face-to-face PR regarding effects on peripheral muscle strength (P=.42), dyspnea (P=.83), and fatigue (P=.34). There were no differences between programs 4-8 weeks and >8 weeks regarding exercise capacity (P=.83), peripheral muscle strength (P=.42), and dyspnea (P=.76). CONCLUSIONS: PR improves exercise capacity and reduces fatigue in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome. Duration of PR (4-8 weeks vs > 8 weeks) or PR modality (telerehabilitation vs face-to-face) did not affect outcomes but data were limited and based on subgroup analysis. Further evidence is required to determine the optimal delivery mode and duration of PR for post-COVID-19 syndrome.

Association between the level of functional independence and the subjective experience of pain in older adults after hip replacement / Asociación entre el nivel de independencia funcional y la percepción subjetiva del dolor en adultos mayores en el postoperatorio de artroplastia de cadera / Associação entre nível de independência funcional e percepção subjetiva da dor em idosos no pós-operatório de artroplastia de quadril

ABSTRACT Hip replacement (HR) is a surgery that replaces the injured joint with a prosthesis. The postoperative period can reduce functional independence and affect the subjective experience of pain in older adults. This study evaluated the association between the level of functional independence and the subjective experience of pain in older adults who underwent HR. This cross-sectional descriptive quantitative association study used the functional independence measure (FIM) to assess the level of functional independence and the visual analogue scale (VAS) to analyze the subjective experience of pain. Spearman's correlation test was used to evaluate the association between FIM and VAS and simple linear regression to analyze the influence of one variable on another (p≤0.05). This study evaluated 48 older adults, with a mean age of 71.5±9 years, of which 37.5% (n=18) were men and 62.5% (n=30) were women. The mean VAS and FIM values were 3.5 (±1.6) and 107 (±17.82), respectively, and they had a significant and inverse association (p=0.006; r=−0.389; R2=0.142). This study showed an inversely proportional relationship between the subjective experience of pain and the level of functional independence in older patients who underwent HR. Therefore, health professionals should pay more attention to pain in these patients in order to optimize their functional recovery and increase their functional independence.

RESUMEN La artroplastia de cadera (AC) es un procedimiento quirúrgico que reemplaza la articulación lesionada por una prótesis. El postoperatorio puede reducir la independencia funcional y afectar la percepción subjetiva del dolor en el anciano. Este estudio evaluó la asociación entre el nivel de independencia funcional y la percepción subjetiva del dolor en ancianos sometidos a AC. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo, cuantitativo y de asociación. La medida de independencia funcional (MIF) se utilizó para evaluar el nivel de independencia funcional, y la escala visual analógica (EVA), para estimar la percepción subjetiva del dolor. Se aplicaron la prueba de correlación de Spearman para verificar la asociación entre MIF y EVA, y una regresión lineal simple para analizar la influencia de una variable sobre la otra (p≤0,05). Participaron 48 ancianos, de edad media de 71,5±9 años; de los cuales el 37,5% (n=18) eran del sexo masculino y el 62,5% (n=30) del sexo femenino. La media de la evaluación de EVA fue de 3,5 (±1,6), mientras que la de MIF, de 107 (±17,82). Hubo una asociación significativa e inversa con p=0,006 y con r de −0,389, con R2 de 0,142. Este estudio demostró una relación inversamente proporcional entre la sensación subjetiva de dolor y el nivel de independencia funcional de los ancianos en el postoperatorio de AC. Por lo tanto, es necesario que los profesionales de la salud tengan mayor atención al dolor de esta población, con el objetivo de optimizarle la recuperación funcional y, así, aumentar su independencia funcional.

RESUMO A artroplastia de quadril (AQ) é um procedimento cirúrgico que consiste na substituição da articulação lesionada por uma prótese. O pós-operatório pode reduzir a independência funcional e repercutir na percepção subjetiva da dor em idosos. O estudo avaliou a associação entre o nível de independência funcional e a percepção subjetiva da dor em idosos submetidos à AQ. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, quantitativo e de associação. A medida de independência funcional (MIF) foi utilizada para avaliar o nível de independência funcional, e a escala visual analógica (EVA) foi empregada para avaliar a percepção subjetiva da dor. O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para verificar a associação entre a MIF e a EVA, e uma regressão linear simples, para analisar a influência de uma variável sobre a outra (p≤0,05). Um total de 48 idosos foram avaliados, com média de idade de 71,5±9 anos, em que 37,5% (n=18) pertenciam ao sexo masculino e 62,5% (n=30) ao feminino. A avaliação da EVA mostrou uma média de 3,5 (±1,6), enquanto a MIF, 107 (±17,82). Observamos uma associação significante e inversa com p=0,006 e com r de −0,389, com R2 de 0,142. Este estudo mostrou que há uma relação inversamente proporcional entre a sensação subjetiva da dor e o nível de independência funcional de idosos no pós-operatório de AQ. A partir disso, é necessário que os profissionais da saúde deem mais atenção ao quadro álgico desses idosos, visando otimizar sua recuperação funcional a fim de aumentar sua independência funcional.

COVID-19 seen from a syndemic perspective: Impact of unhealthy habits and future perspectives to combat these negative interactions in Latin America.

COVID-19 has to this point led to more than 5 million deaths and has imposed numerous measures restricting populations worldwide, including Latin America (LA). However, analyzing COVID-19 from the perspective of a syndemic, it demonstrates the relationship between the interaction of multiple comorbidities and the increase of contagion in people who are socially vulnerable. The number of deaths by COVID-19 in LA is strongly associated with multi-morbidities (diabetes, obesity, sedentary, smoking, among others) and disproportionately attacks communities located in poorer, low-income regions and ethnic minorities. This review aims to revisit the relationship between COVID-19 and both unhealthy living habits (i.e., sedentary lifestyle, poor nutritional habits, overweight and obesity, smoking) and cardiovascular disease in Latin American countries. In addition, this review aims to introduce strategies and policies that combat social inequalities and enable healthy living behaviors in LA countries. If LA countries do not work on public policies that decrease multi-morbidities and social inequalities, we will be unable to eliminate COVID-19, as well as possible other outbreaks that may arise in the future.

Prognostic value of key variables from cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with COPD: 42-month follow-up.

AIM: To identify better predictors of early death in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using potential predictors derived from key measures obtained from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). METHODS: This is a prospective, cohort study with 42-month follow-up in 126 COPD patients. Every patient completed the clinical evaluation, followed by a pulmonary function test and CPET. CPET was performed on a cycle ergometer with electromagnetic braking and ventilatory expired analysis was measured breath-by-breath using a computer-based system. Peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2, mlO2. kg-1. min-1), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production and the, minute ventilation (V̇E, L/min), and the V̇E/carbon dioxide production (V̇E/V̇CO2) slope were obtained from CPET. RESULTS: 48 (38%) patients died during the 42-month follow-up. Kaplan Meier analysis revealed a V̇E/V̇CO2 slope ≥30, peak V̇E ≤ 25.7L/min and peak V̇O2 ≤ 13.8 mlO2. kg-1. min-1were strong predictors of mortality in COPD patients. Cox regression revealed that the V̇O2 peak ≤13.8 mlO2. kg-1. min-1 (CI 95% 0.08-0.93), V̇E/V̇CO2 slope ≥30 (CI 95% 0.07-0.94), V̇E peak ≤25.7 L/min (CI 95% 0.01-0.15), Sex (CI 95% 0.04-0.55) and Age (CI 95% 1.03-1.2) were the main predictors of mortality risk. CONCLUSION: Diminished exercise capacity and peak ventilation as well as ventilatory inefficiency are independent prognostic markers. Similar to patients with heart failure, CPET may be a valuable clinical assessment in the COPD population.

Efeitos da corrente interferencial no sistema nervoso autônomo em voluntários saudáveis: ensaio clínico randomizado / Effects of interferential current on autonomic nervous system in healthy volunteers: randomized clinical trial

Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes frequências moduladas em amplitude (AMF-100Hz e AMF-10Hz) da corrente interferencial (CI) sobre o sistema nervoso autônomo (SNA) de voluntários saudáveis. Trinta voluntários saudáveis (23,7±2,7 anos) foram randomizados em intervenções placebo (desligado), CI com AMF-100Hz e CI com AMF-10Hz. As intervenções foram aplicadas na região ganglionar paravertebral por 30 minutos. O SNA foi avaliado pela variabilidade da frequência cardíaca antes e imediatamente após as intervenções. A intervenção em 10Hz reduziu a atividade simpática em 6% e aumentou a parassimpática em 6%. A intervenção de 100Hz aumentou 12% para a atividade simpática e diminuiu 12% para a atividade parassimpática. A CI altera o equilíbrio autonômico em voluntários saudáveis. 10Hz reduz a atividade simpática e aumenta parassimpático, embora o 100Hz tenha resultados opostos. A CI a 10Hz melhora o equilíbrio autonômico e apresenta efeitos potenciais a serem testados em pacientes hipertensos.

To evaluate the effects of different amplitude-modulated frequency (AMF-100Hz and AMF-10Hz) of the interferential current (IC) on autonomic nervous system (ANS) in healthy volunteers. Thirty healthy volunteers (23.7 ±2.7 years old) were randomized into placebo interventions (turned off), IC with AMF-100Hz and IC with AMF-10Hz. Interventions ware applied in the paravertebral ganglionar region for 30 minutes. ANS evaluated by the heart rate variability before and immediately after the interventions. 10Hz intervention reduced the sympathetic activity in 6% and an increase in the parasympathetic in 6%. 100Hz intervention increased 12% to sympathetic activity and decreased 12% to parasympathetic activity. IC changes the autonomic balance in healthy volunteers. 10Hz reduces the sympathetic activity and increases parasympathetic, although the 100Hz has opposite results. The IC at 10Hz improves the autonomic balance and presents potential effects to be tested in hypertensive patients.

Noninvasive ventilation in patients with COVID-19 from the perspective of the risk of contamination: a narrative review.

INTRODUCTION: noninvasive ventilation (NIV) can be a useful resource to treat acute respiratory failure (ARF), which occurs in patients with COVID-19. However, it is important to consider that there are still no clinical studies that have verified the safety of its use in increase of contamination. AREAS COVERED: Given the potential benefits and simultaneous concerns over the use of NIV in patients with COVID-19, further inquiry is necessary to reach a clinical consensus and provide recommendations for safe use, avoiding contamination. In this context, this narrative review, which included articles published in the Embase, SciELO, PEDro, PubMed and Cochrane up to August 2021, is focused to evaluate available studies related to interfaces, types of circuits, recommended filters, cares for the environment and protective factors for NIV use in patients with COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION: The studies analyzed recommend that the use of NIV can be safe: 1) with equipment that allows the use of the helmet as a safer interface; 2) with double circuit and antimicrobial filter in the expiratory branch; 3) in an environment that allows negative pressure, reducing the dispersion of aerosol particles in the environment; 4) the health team must use the recommended PPE to avoid contamination.

Covid-19 and the impact on the physical activity level of elderly people: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Social isolation and lifestyle changes provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively affected the level of physical activity of the elderly people. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the available evidence related to the level of physical activity (PA) of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is a systematic review, registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021241116), which included cross-sectional and cohort studies. Embase, Pubmed, Cochrane, Web of Science and Scopus databases were used to search for the studies. Finally, the New Castle-Ottawa Quality Assessment scale was used to measure the quality of the studies. RESULTS: 25 studies were found, being 14 cross-sectional and 11 cohort studies. The studies showed that the elderly population was highly affected in relation to the level of physical activity and lifestyle during restrictions, quarantine and lockdowns caused by the COVID-19. There was a significant reduction in physical activity levels, leading to declines in physical fitness and increased sedentary lifestyle, factors directly related to the increase in frailty in this population. CONCLUSION: The level of physical activity in the elderly population decreased during the quarantine period of COVID-19 worldwide. Strategies to maintain physical condition must be encouraged with physical exercises that meets the needs of the elderly in the current pandemic scenario, in order to maintain and improve the health of this population.

Endothelial function provides early prognostic information in patients with COVID-19: A cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The prothrombotic phenotype and diffuse intravascular coagulation observed in COVID-19 reflect endothelial dysfunction, which is linked to blood flow delivery deficiencies and cardiovascular risk. Assessments of detect vascular deficiencies among newly diagnosed and hospitalized patients due to COVID-19 have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To assess endothelial function characteristics in relation to length of hospitalization and mortality in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and compare to patients without COVID-19. METHODS: A prospective observational study involving 180 patients with confirmed COVID-19 (COVID-19 group) or suspected and ruled out COVID-19 (Non-COVID-19 group). Clinical evaluation and flow mediated vasodilation (FMD) were performed between the first 24-48 h of hospitalization. Patients were followed until death or discharge. RESULTS: We evaluated 98 patients (COVID-19 group) and 82 (Non-COVID-19 group), COVID-19 group remained hospitalized longer and more deaths occurred compared to the Non-COVID-19 group (p = 0.01; and p < 0.01). Patients in COVID-19 group also had a significantly greater reduction in both FMDmm and FMD% (p < 0.01 in both). We found that absolute FMD≤0.26 mm and relative FMD≤3.43% were the ideal cutoff point to predict mortality and longer hospital stay. In Kaplan Meyer's analysis patients had a high probability of death within a period of up to 10 days of hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 present endothelial vascular dysfunction early, remained hospitalized longer and had a higher number of deaths, when compared with patients without COVID-19.

Lifestyle and rehabilitation during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance for health professionals and support for exercise and rehabilitation programs.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious respiratory viral disease for both the general population and healthcare professionals caring for infected patients. Of particular concern is the potential for significant respiratory, cardiovascular, physical, and psychological dysfunctions.Areas covered: In this context, the current review will focus on the following areas: 1) staying physically active during the COVID-19 pandemic; 2) highlighting the importance of understanding COVID-19 mechanisms; 3) preventing infections for healthcare workers by using personal protective equipment; 4) highlighting importance of respiratory care and physical therapy during hospitalization in patients with COVID-19; and 5) facilitating referral to a rehabilitation program in patients recovering from COVID-19.Expert opinion: We recommend daily physical exercise, outdoors or at home, as physical exercise increases the synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines; Patients with COVID-19 may develop severe acute respiratory syndrome, hypoxemia, diffuse alveolar damage, ACE2 reduction in the cardiovascular system and muscle weakness acquired through a prolonged hospital stay; The role of the physiotherapist in the hospital environment is of fundamental importance-early mobilization is highly recommended in severe cases of COVID-19.

Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle damage due to COVID-19: making the urgent case for rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION: It has become increasingly evident that COVID-19 contributes to multiorgan pathophysiology. The systemic inflammatory response increases both pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels, leading to immune dysregulation and increasing the likelihood of incurring cardiac and pulmonary injuries. AREAS COVERED: Longer periods of hospitalization (~20 days) increase susceptibility to ICU-acquired muscle weakness and deconditioning, which decreases muscle function and functional capacity. These conditions affect the quality of life in the post-COVID-19 period and require multi-disciplinary approaches to rehabilitate the cardiopulmonary and musculoskeletal systems of these patients. In this context, this narrative review, which included articles published in the Embase, PEDro and PubMed databases up to December 2020, is focused on discussing the essential role of exercise and rehabilitation health professionals in the COVID-19 recovery process, from hospitalization to hospital discharge, addressing strategies for professionals to mitigate the cardiac and pulmonary impairments associated with hospitalization to home or ambulatory rehabilitation, purposing ways to conduct rehabilitation programs to restore their functional status and quality of life after the infection. EXPERT OPINION: In the current environment, these findings further point to the vital role of rehabilitation health professionals in the coming years and the urgent need to develop strategies to assist COVID-19 survivors.

Impacto sobre a capacidade funcional e cognitiva em idosos após um ano de institucionalização / Impact on functional and cognitive capacity in elderly after a year of institutionalization

Objetivo: Acompanhar por um ano as modificações da capacidade funcional e cognitiva de idosos institucionalizados. Métodos: A pesquisa se caracteriza em coorte prospectivo, compreendendo uma amostra de 41 idosos institucionalizados, com idade de 80,0 ±10,6 anos, sendo 32 (78,8%) do sexo feminino. As coletas de dados foram realizadas em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos, na cidade de Cachoeira do Sul/RS. O perí­odo de coleta de dados foi entre janeiro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017. A capacidade cognitiva foi avaliada pelo teste de cognição Mini-Exame de Estado Mental (MEEM) e a capacidade funcional pela Medida de Independência Funcional (MIF). Resultados: Durante o perí­odo de um ano, a capacidade funcional reduziu 7,6% (p = 0,003) e a capacidade cognitiva reduziu 6,7% (p = 0,001). A correlação entre as capacidades funcional e cognitiva no ano de 2016 e 2017 foram respectivamente de r = 0,478 e r = 0,505. A regressão linear demonstrou que durante o perí­odo a capacidade funcional influenciou em 25% (r² = 0,247) na capacidade cognitiva e que para cada 1 ponto da MIF, diminui 0,1 ponto do MEEM (p = 0,001). Conclusão: Durante o perí­odo de um ano, observou-se a redução das capacidades funcional e cognitiva de idosos institucionalizados. (AU)

Objective: To monitor for one year the changes in functional and cognitive capacity of institutionalized elderly. Methods: The study is a prospective cohort of 41 institutionalized elderly, aged 80.0 ± 10.6 years, 32 (78.8%) being female. Data were collected at a Long-Term Care Institution for the Elderly, in the city of Cachoeira do Sul/RS. The data collection period was between January 2016 and February 2017. The cognitive ability was evaluated by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) test and functional capacity by the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Results: During the one-year period, functional capacity decreased by 7.6% (p = 0.003) and cognitive capacity decreased by 6.7% (p = 0.001). The correlation between the functional and cognitive capacities in the year 2016 and 2017 were respectively r = 0.478 and r = 0.505. The linear regression showed that functional capacity influenced 25% (r² = 0.247) in cognitive capacity during the period and that for each 1 point of FIM, 0,1 point of MMSE decreased (p = 0.001). Conclusion: During the one-year period, the functional and cognitive abilities of the institutionalized elderly were reduced. (Au)

Understanding the functionality of people concerned by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) under the perspective and validation of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set of the International Classification of Functionality / Entendendo a funcionalidade de pessoas acometidas pela Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) sob a perspectiva e a validação do Comprehensive ICF Core Set da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade

Abstract Introduction: The symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) impact an individual's health by associating with specific functional disabilities. To identify the disabilities and functionality of people affected by COPD, one can use the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). Objective: To understand the incapacities of individuals affected by COPD assisted in a cardiorespiratory rehabilitation program and to relate to the categories that make up the comprehensive ICF core set for COPD by validating the same. Method: A descriptive, observational cross-sectional study with COPD patients, of both sexes, submitted to the interview script with open questions about functionality and disability. The interview was transcribed and analyzed through the identification of concepts related to the ICF categories, comparing their frequency with the categories proposed in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for COPD and the validation obtained through Kappa. Results: 24 COPD participants, 10 men, and 14 women, mean aged 65.5±9.8 years, answered the interview whose concepts were linked to the 52 ICF categories and subcategories, 05 of these not represented in the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for COPD, being " d445 use of hand and arm, "d550 eat"; "d630 prepare meals"; "e210 physical geography" and "e2100 physical geography, orography". Conclusion: The study made it possible to recognize the incapacities of individuals affected by COPD, showing valid use of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for COPD since 90.3% of the categories found in the study were present in the Core Set.

Resumo Introdução: Os sintomas da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) impactam a saúde do indivíduo, associando-se às específicas incapacidades funcionais. Para identificar as incapacidades e a funcionalidade de pessoas acometidas por DPOC, utiliza-se a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Objetivo: Compreender as incapacidades dos indivíduos acometidos por DPOC assistidos em programa de reabilitação cardiorrespiratória e relacionar com as categorias que compõem o comprehensive ICF core set para DPOC validando o mesmo. Método: Estudo qualiquantitativo, observacional descritivo transversal, realizado com pacientes acometidos por DPOC, de ambos os sexos, submetidos ao roteiro de entrevista com perguntas abertas sobre funcionalidade e incapacidade. A entrevista foi transcrita e analisada, por meio da identificação de conceitos relacionados às categorias CIF, comparando sua frequência com as categorias propostas no Comprehensive ICF Core Set para DPOC e a validação obtida através do teste Kappa. Resultados: 24 participantes com DPOC, 10 homens e 14 mulheres, com média de idade de 65,5±9,8 anos, responderam a entrevista cujos conceitos foram relacionados a 52 categorias e subcategorias CIF, 05 destas não representadas no Comprehensive ICF Core Set para DPOC, sendo"d445 utilização da mão e do braço", "d550 comer"; "d630 preparar refeições"; "e210 geografia física" e "e2100 geografia física, orografia". Conclusão: O estudo possibilitou reconhecer as incapacidades de indivíduos acometidos por DPOC, mostrando válido o uso do Comprehensive ICF Core Set para DPOC, visto que 90,3% das categorias encontradas no estudo estavam presentes no Core Set.

Alterações cognitivas em portadores de doenças crônicas e sua relação com a classificação internacional de funcionalidade, incapacidade e saúde / Changes in cognitive chronic diseases patients and its relation to classification of functioning, disability and health

Objetivo: Analisar as alterações cognitivas de idosos portadores de Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC), Acidente Vascular Encefálica (AVE) e Alzheimer, e seu impacto na funcionalidade. Métodos: 52 idosos, agrupados conforme a doença de base em Grupo 01 (G1, DPOC =21), Grupo 02 (G2, AVE = 10), Grupo 03 (G3, Alzheimer = 21). O estado mental e cognitivo foi avaliado através do Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), e a funcionalidade pela Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), nos componentes funções e estruturas do corpo, atividades e participação, fatores ambientais e pessoais. Resultados: Encontramos diferenças significativas entre os grupos G1 e G2 para o G3 nas variáveis: total do MEEM (G1: 24,8 ± 3,4 vs. G2: 26,3 ± 3,7 vs. G3: 13,1 ± 6,6 p < 0,001), orientação espacial (G1: 9,3 ± 1,0 vs. G2: 9,2 ± 0,9 vs. G3: 3,2 ± 2,5 p < 0,001), atenção e cálculo (G1: 3,8 ± 1,7 vs. G2: 3,8 ± 1,7 vs G3: 1,3 ± 2,0 p = 0,001), e registro de cálculo (G1, 6,1 ± 2,0 vs G2, 7,9 ± 1,5 vs. G3, 5,2 ± 1,7 p = 0,018). O modelo de regressão linear simples identificou que a idade influenciou 40% no índice total do MEEM. Conclusão: Pacientes com Alzheimer apresentam marcada alteração cognitiva quando comparados aos portadores de DPOC e AVE. E o MEEM apresenta uma relação direta com todos os domínios da CIF. (AU)

Aim: To analyze the cognitive changes of elderly patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Stroke (CVA) and Alzheimer, and their impact on functionality. Methods: 52 elderly, grouped according to the underlying disease in Group 01 (G1, COPD=21), Group 02 (G2, CVA=10), Group 03 (G3, Alzheimer =21). The mental and cognitive status was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and functionality by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), for the components body functions and structures, activities and participation, environmental factors and personal. Results: We found significant differences between G1/G2 to G3 for the variables: total MMSE (G1: 24.8 ± 3.4 vs. G2: 26.3 ± 3.7 vs. G3: 13.1 ± 6.6 p < 0.001), spatial orientation (G1: 9.3 ± 1.0 vs. G2: 9.2 ± 0.9 vs. G3: 3.2 ± 2.5 p < 0.001), attention and calculation (G1: 3.8 ± 1.7 vs G2: 3.8 ± 1.7 vs. G3: 1.3 ± 2.0 p = 0.001), and calculation record (G1: 6.1 ± 2.0 vs. G2: 7.9 ± 1.5 vs. G3: 5.2 ± 1.7 p = 0.018). The simple linear regression model identified that age influences 40% in the general index of the MMSE. Conclusion: Patients with Alzheimer's disease presented significant cognitive impairment compared to patients with COPD and stroke. The MMSE has a direct relationship with all areas of the ICF.(AU)